《儒林外史》是中国文学史上一部杰出的现实主义的长篇讽刺小说。《儒林外史》所写内容,假託明季,实為清朝,而且十之八九的人物都实有其人。它真实地描绘了康乾时期知识分子生活的沉浮,境遇的顺逆,功名的得失,仕途的升降,情操的高尚与卑劣,理想的倡导与破灭,出路的探索与追寻。吴敬梓以对待功名富贵的态度来肯定或否定书中人物,如匡超人假造文书,冒名代考,却被温州学政"把他题了优行,贡入太学肄业",严贡生无恶不作,却被前任周学台推举為"优行";作者无情地鞭挞丑恶事物时,同时也歌颂正面人物,王冕是书中的第一流人物,為人"嶔崎磊落",庄绍光追求"以礼乐化俗"、"以德化人",牛老爹和卜老爹也是作者所歌颂的。程晋芳在《怀人诗》称:"外史记儒林,刻划何工研;吾為斯人悲,竟以稗史传!"
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